British in india

British in India

Did you know?:-

✔How and why British came to India?

✔How they won India?

✔What opposition did they face?

✔Independence is there but at what cost?

The British landed at India in Surat on August 24, 1608, but, they didn't know India's language then, how did they win India? let's see it:-

1. How and why British came to India?

Due to England's Scilly conflict which lasted 335 years their Treasury depletion, they were forced to invade or find a country which had an abundance of the most costly of their country, which was spices. Coincidently, they knew one which they had found 43 years before the conflict it was "INDIA".They landed in the Indian subcontinent on August 24, 1608, at the port of Surat but sadly Portuguese had A sea route connecting Europe to India that came into the limelight in 1498 when a Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama came to Calicut. Because India had an abundance of raw materials and a lack of advancement, and administration. European powers wanted to capture India as it would give them high profits without much administration Inflation all thanks to the lack of unity. 

2. How they won India?

The British East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600 The British Joint Stock Company, as it was known earlier, was founded by John Watts and George white for trade with Asian nations which were in the southwest as the west was in a fight so, they needed a place newly discovered and not on a fight and India was the best candidate Mughal emperor Jahangir granted a Farman to Captain William Hawkins permitting the English to erect a factory at Surat in 1613 In 1615, Thomas Roe, the Ambassador to James I, got an imperial Farman from Jahangir to trade and establish factories all across Mughal empire. Soon, the  Vijayanagara empire also gave permission to open a factory in Madras and the British company started to eclipse other European trading companies in their rising power with the help of  2 dynasties nearly controlling the whole of India they were easily able to take down the rest of European powers. Afterwards, they slowly jumped to territory from trade. Due to their technical advancement, they dominated India and partitioned India by religion. They won the war in Europe due to the money they got by looting India. Some of their most fierce battles were with:-

⚔Rani Laxmi Bai⚔Ranjit Singh

⚔Prithviraj Narayan shah⚔Hyder Ali

⚔Marathas ⚔Tipu sultan

3. What opposition did they face?

Indian National congresss(1885)

•  Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil servant in the British government took the initiative to form an Indian national congress thus, the Indian National congress was formed at its first meeting in Bombay in 1885 with W.C. Banerjee as its first President. It was attended by 72 delegates from India.
•  Its Second meeting was at Calcutta in 1886 and it's Third at madras in 1887 
•  Between 1885 and 1905 Congress leaders were moderates which meant they would use peaceful ways to get their Demands and Believed in British Justice and Goodwill.

Swadeshi MOVEMENT (1905)

• It involved programs like the Boycott services, Courts, Schools, Colleges and of Foreign goods it was a joint Political and economic movement 
• Lala Rajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Aurbindo Gosh Played an important role in it. 

Muslim League(1906)

• In December 1906, Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca Educational Conference. Taking advantage of it Nawab Salimullah proposed the formation of an organisation which would look after Muslim Interests and was even accepted.
• Thus,  Muslim League was formed on 30 December 1906.

Minto Morley reforms(1909)

• Minto the Viceroy and Morley the Secretary of state of India jointly proposed reforms to Indian Councils Known as the Indian Council act or Minto Morley Reforms.
• A separate communal electorate for the Muslims.

Lucknow Pact(1916)

• During the 1916 Congress session at Lucknow two major events occurred. The divided Congress became united. An understanding against the British was reached between Congress and the Muslim league Known as the Lucknow Pact.
• Signing of the Lucknow pact in 1916 by both Congress and the Muslim League was an important step in Hindu Musli Unity.

The Home Rule Movement (1916)

• Two Home Rule Leagues were Established one by Bal Gangadhar Tilak at Poona in April 1916 and another at Madras by Mrs Annie Besant in September 1916.
• While Tilak's Movement focused on Maharastra Annie Besant's Movement focused on the rest of the country.

Rowalatt Act(1919)

• In 1917, a committee was set up under the presidentship of Sir Sydney to keep an eye on the Militants & Nationalists and in it, anyone could be arrested based on suspicion and no appeal can be done on it
• it's known as the Black act and was widely opposed by hartals.

Khilafat Movement(1920)

• Muslims in India were upset about the British attitude against Turkey in the First World war.
• It was led by 2 Brothers Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started it.

Non-Co-operation Movement(1920-1922)

• It began with the government as a sequel to all the act which caused a massacre. It was approved by the Congress at Nagpur in December 1920
• Its goal was to get Poorna Swaraj through Non-Violence.
• It was called off  on 11february,1922 because an angry mob burnt the Police station at chauri chakra on 5 February 1922

Swaraj Party(1923)

• Leaders like Motilal Nehru and Chittrajan Das formed a separate group within Congress known as the Swaraj party.
• they wanted council elections.

Lahore Session(1929)

• On Dec.19 1929 under the presidentship of J.L. Nehru Poorna Swaraj was declared.
• According to it tricolour was first unfurled on 26 January so, Constitution was adopted on 26 January.

Dandi march(1930)

• It was a March started by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930 to break the salt law by making salt at Dandi.
• He reached Dandi on 5 April 1930 the next day he started Civil Disobedience Movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement(1930)

• It started on 6 April 1930.
• It had mass participation by women
• The Garwal soldiers refused to fire on the people at Peshawar.

Independence is there but at what cost?

• Indo pak Independence

There was a struggle between Congress and the Muslim league where Congress said "Partition will make both the country weak!" whereas,  Muslim League said "what about all the Muslims in there?" sadly, Congress had more members than  Muslim League due to no World Adult Franchise Congress  Muslim League won and Pak got its independence on 14 August 1947.

•  SRI Lanka 

Before leaving India British kept a seed of hatred it was Sri Lanka so, the administration gets weaker. British Provoked Sri Lanka through local matters, Language and Policy.

•  Nepal

 When they took over India the Himalayas were under Nepalese Dynasties they ceased North most region and the rest of the region was Current Nepal only as, the king signed an agreement it would have its own administration and the rest of the things would taken care of by British.

• Bangladesh

Due to the torture of Bangladesh India decided to either make it a country or make it a part of itself so, the Indo-Pak war was Fought in which due to Russia's aid India won.